countries with most neanderthal dna

The Vice President is Jeannie Mastine and the Treasurer/Secretary is Wendy Shields; the Social Convener is Mary Dament. This first step is called transcription, the product of which is a single-sided strand of RNA that exits the cell. Each gene may have a variety of genotypes, which are the variances that can occur within the site of a particular gene. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. 2017.Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals.Nature Communications8(1): 1-9. So how did Neanderthal DNA reach Africa? This could potentially lead to misidentification of sequences, but scientists have developed chemical methods to reverse these changes. The microcephalin gene relates to brain size during development. The genetic fingerprints of this mixing remain apparent in many populations today. Africans, long thought to have no Neanderthal DNA, were recently found to have genes from the hominins comprising around 0.3 percent of their genome. Content on this website is for information only. Millar CD., Lambert DM., 2013. East Asians seem to have the most Neanderthal DNA in their genomes, followed by those of European ancestry. PLoS Genetics 3(10): e175. These intron sequences can help regulate when genes are turned on or off, control how DNA winds itself to form chromosomes, be remnant clues of an organisms evolutionary history, or serve other noncoding functions. Science 314: 1113-1118. Modern humans did not admix with Neanderthals during their range expansion into Europe. Sequences came from two individuals from the Neander Valley in Germany and one each from Mezmaiskaya Cave in Russia, El Sidrn Cave in Spain, and Vindija Cave in Croatia. One scenario is that it could have been transferred between species via gene flow. Our membership is quite varied in ages and abilities with everyone enjoying the fun and friendships that are offered. Demeter, F., Zanolli, C., Westaway, K.E., Joannes-Boyau, R., Duringer, P., Morley, M.W., Welker, F., Rther, P.L., Skinner, M.M., McColl, H., Gaunitz, C. 2022. 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A Swedish geneticist has been awarded the 2022 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine. Cell Press. Whats more, the model suggests that Neanderthal ancestry in Europeans has also been slightly underestimated. Jagannathan, M., Cummings, R., Yamashita, Y. M., 2018. Their analysis also showed that this individual was closely related to both modern humans and the Denisovans, another ancient human population. The Swallows dance most Thursday evenings, from 7:00 to about 9:30. For a fresh look at this genetic mixing, Akey and his team developed a new way to study the scattering of ancient hominin DNA in modern genomes. If that last A in the codon mutated to a C, however, the codon AAC codes for asparagine, a different amino acid. Modern humans and Neanderthals interbred in Europe, an analysis of 40,000-year-old DNA suggests. Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage. Neanderthals had a mutation in this receptor gene which changed an amino acid, making the resulting protein less efficient and likely creating a phenotype of red hair and pale skin. Neanderthal DNA probably also plays a role in hair color, our sense of smell and even our sleeping habits, to some extent. A late middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau.Nature569(7756): 409-412. They also found signs that a handful of Neanderthal genes may have been selected for after they entered Africans' genomes, including genes that boost immune function and protect against ultraviolet radiation. Neanderthals diverged from modern humans around 500,000 years ago, likely evolving outside of Africa. You might be wondering: If we have the DNA of Denisovans, why cant we compare them to modern humans like we do Neanderthals? Dragon Man skull may be new species, shaking up human family tree, This 45,500-year-old pig painting is the worlds oldest animal art, Oldest footprints in Saudi Arabia reveal intriguing step in early human migration, Tooth from mysterious human relative adds new wrinkles to their story, Richard Leakey, trailblazing conservationist and fossil hunter, dies at 77, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society. 2023 American Association for the Advancement of Science. The oldest hominin DNA recovered comes from a Neanderthal around 400,000 years old (Meyer et al. One miRNA can target multiple genes by binding its seed region to messenger RNA that would otherwise have carried that information to the ribosome to be transcribed into proteins, preventing transcription from taking place. As you can see from the African statistic, Neanderthal DNA is practically nonexistent, and in commercial genealogy DNA tests the results are completely untrustworthy. These particular Neanderthal genes would have been useful for the modern humans arriving in Europe whose immune systems had never encountered the pathogens within Europe and would be vulnerable to them, unlike the Neanderthals who had built up generations of resistance against these diseases. The noncoding, or intron, parts of DNA used to be called junk DNA, random or repeating sequences that did not seem to code for anything. BioEssays 24: 871-875. Meanwhile, new gene-editing tools have been developed and technical barriers to de-extinction are being overcome. WebSurely somewhere is Europe, probably Germany, France, or between the two. Well that cant be right, he recalls thinking at the time. This is a good indicator of how human migration out of Africa worked: that Homo sapiens did not leave Africa in one or more major dispersals, but that there was gene flow back and forth over time that brough Neanderthal DNA into Africa. More than 94% of the Neanderthal sequence identified in African samples was shared with non-Africans. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. (Thereconstruction below of a male Neanderthal by John Gurche features pale skin, but not red hair) .How do we know what this phenotype would have looked like? And whenever these groups met, it seems, they mated. As reported Los Angeles residents of Mexican descent had 1.22 percent Neanderthal DNA. Akey's study might help explain another "head scratcher," says computer biologist Kelley Harris of the University of Washington, Seattle. Green, R. E., Krause, J., Ptak, S.E., Briggs, A.W., Ronan, M.T., Simons, J.F., Du, L., Egholm, M., Rothberg J.M., Paunovic, M., Pbo, S.,. When scientists discover a fossil skull, they compare it to skulls that have already been identified as particular early human species. Africans, who were once believed to have none, have about .3%. The percentage of Neanderthal DNA in modern humans is zero or close to zero in people from African populations, and is about 1 to 2 percent in people of European or Asian background. Those morphologies, each of them may be telling a story, Hawks says. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. 2009. That assumption was never reasonable, Hawks says. The Neanderthal, also known as homo neanderthalensis, could be up for making a come-back. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 342. If we've learned anything from the COVID-19 pandemic, it's that we cannot wait for a crisis to respond. Why Do Modern Humans Have Some Neanderthal DNA? The current view is that shared Neanderthal DNA is due to interbreeding between the species. This may have occurred at several different times and regions. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. The Neanderthal genome was sequenced in 2010. This female individuals genome showed that her parents were likely half siblings and that her genetic line showed evidence of high rates of incestuous pairings. Clearly theres no one-way bridge there.. at some point in the past. There are many more needles in the haystack (that is, Neanderthal sequences in African people) than we thought before! Marcia Ponce de Len, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Zurich, says via email. For one, could there still be more Neanderthal ancestry weve overlooked? When we study Neanderthal DNA, we can examine the genotypes at loci of known function and can infer what phenotype the Neanderthals mutations may have expressed in life. A skeleton in Siberia nearly 10,000 years old has yielded DNA that reveals a striking kinship to living Native Americans, scientists reported on Wednesday. DNA preserves best in cold, dry environments, aDNA must be destructively sampled, amplified, and analyzed prior to looking at the sequence. Other fossil hominins, such as the Homo longi remains from northern China (Ji et al., 2021) and the Dali cranium from northwestern China may belong to the Denisovans, but without comparable fossils and genetics it is difficult to know for sure. In three African populations Neanderthal genes were vanishingly rare, and in the lipid processing area accounted for 2% of genes. A small sample of bone was ground up to extract mtDNA, which was then replicated and analyzed. Earlier this month, for example, scientists reconstructed a small segment of genes from a 400,000-year-old fossil in Spain, setting a record for the oldest human DNA ever found. Researchers know that modern humans with ancestry outside of Africa inherited up to 2.1 percent of their DNA from Neanderthals. One such species is Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis. Green, R. E., J. Krause, Briggs, A.W., Marcic, T., Stensel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N.Fritz, M., Hansen, N., Durand, E.Y., Malaspinas, A-S, Jensen, J.D., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Prfer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H.A., Good, J.M., Schultz, R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Hber, B., Hffner, B., Siegemund, M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E.S., Russ, C., Novod, N., Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan, ., Guic, I., Doronichev, V.B., Golovanova, L.V., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R.W., Eichler, E.E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mullikan, J.C. Slatkin, M., Neilsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., Pbo, S., 2010. Study author Joshua Akey, a geneticist at Princeton University, was initially incredulous. (Read more about the many lines of mysterious ancient humans that interbred with us.). Modelling suggests that just a tiny trickle over the last 20,000 years could account for its current distribution, Akey notes. Updated 7 months ago Author has 7.2K answers and 3.8M answer views. All non-African races have the same amount of Neanderthal DNA, estimated at 4%, because the cross breeding occurred (it seems) in the Middle East as some modern humans left Africa, 80,000 years ago. However, in 2021 this was blown out of the water with the announcement of mammoth DNA extracted from specimens over 1 million years old found in eastern Siberian permafrost, permanently frozen ground (van der Valk et al., 2021). With the discovery of Neanderthal ancestry across African populations, researchers have now found traces of ancient interbreeding in all populations studied so far. Quaternary International 295: 126-129. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/neandertal-dna-affects-modern-ethnic-difference-in-immune-response/?WT.mc_id=SA_EVO_20161024, http://www.vox.com/2016/9/14/12887956/human-neanderthal-sex-love-genetics, The text on this page was developed primarily by Robin Teague and Ryan McRae, and edited by Briana Pobiner., Homo neanderthalensis, adult male. Since the Club is comprised of three square dance levels Basics, Mainstream and Plus we take turns for the teach part of the evening, and then dance to ensure we have knowledge of the new moves. A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. Nuclear DNA is directly inherited from both parents with 50% each coming from an organisms biological male and female parents. What percentage of humans have Neanderthal DNA? However, even with some interbreeding between modern humans and now-extinct hominins, most of our genome still derives from Africa. They then compared this DNA with a Neanderthal genome. The Swinging Swallows gather on Thursday evenings to start dancing at 7:00 pm. Base pair sequences within DNA can be split into exons, sequences that directly code for proteins, and introns, sequences that do not directly code for a specific protein. We dance for fun not for perfection! 4. This story is part of an ongoing series covering readers biggest questions about human origins. ScienceDaily. 2007). When looking for evidence of interbreeding, scientists do not search billions and billions of base pairs. This reveals previously unknown interbreeding events, particularly in relation to Denisovans. The Neanderthal genome project published papers in 2010 and 2014 stating that Neanderthals contributed to the DNA of modern humans, including most humans outside sub-Saharan Africa, as well as a few populations in sub-Saharan Africa, through interbreeding, likely between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. They are expected to have the widest skulls ever seen because Neanderthals and modern humans already have very wide skulls, Gokhman says. Denisovans also had large teeth and longer dental arches than humans. In fact, a Denisovan jaw has been found since their predictions were made. Some might have set out more than 200,000 years ago. While non-African populations today come from a wave of humans who left Africa roughly 60,000 years ago, they werent the first to venture outside the continent. Thanks to the success of the Neanderthal work, many researchers are eager for data from Melanesians, because they have inherited traces of DNA from Denisovansthe mysterious cousins of Neanderthals who lived in Siberia more than 50,000 years ago. Explore our 3D collection of fossils and artifacts: view, rotate, and explore hundreds of 3D scans! They tested the method with the genomes of 2,504 individuals from around the worldEast Asians, Europeans, South Asians, Americans, and largely northern Africanscollected as part of the 1000 Genomes project. DNA from 350 corpses reveals how Europeans avoided extinction 20,000 years ago. It provides lots of information, including news from other clubs in the Eastern Ontario Square Dance area, and details about conventions, jamborees, and dances. . DNA is also found in the mitochondria, an organelle colloquially referred to as the powerhouse of the cell. This mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA is much smaller than the nuclear genome, only composing about 37 genes. DNA extracted from the bones of more than 350 people who lived tens Each genotype codes for a respective phenotype, which is the physical expression of that gene. Who was the first person to ever be born? In that time, Neanderthals evolved many unique adaptations that helped them survive in cold environments of Europe and Asia. | Go To Top to have genes from the hominins comprising around 0.3 percent of their genome. ", "Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins" (book by John Gurche), What Does It Mean To Be Human? Neanderthals like the one in this reconstruction left traces of DNA in modern Africans as well as in Europeans and Asians. A melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals. It is possible that there were at one point modern humans who possessed the Neanderthal mtDNA, but that their lineages died out. Studies since have hinted at some limited Neanderthal ancestry in Africa, but no one has fully traced these tangled branches of our family tree. But this study, along with other recent genetic analyses, point to evermore mixing and migrations, calling for continued reevaluation of our tales of the past. Researchers knew that later back-migrations of Europeans had introduced a bit of Neanderthal DNA into African populations, but previous work suggested it was a just a smidgen. For example, both AAA and AAG code for the same amino acid lysine. Therefore, a mutation changing the last A to a G will be functionally meaningless. Genetics and recent human evolution. The model suggests the rest of the DNA shared by Africans and the Altai Neanderthal might not be Neanderthal at all: Instead, it may be DNA from early modern humans that was simply retained in both Africans and Eurasiansand was picked up by Neanderthals, perhaps when moderns made a failed migration from Africa to the Middle East more than 100,000 years ago. Copyright 2015-2021 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Did these two hominins interbreed? The most Neanderthal DNA people have is just a couple percent. A third scenario, which the authors think is most likely, is that the changes and selective sweep occurred before the divergence between the populations. Errors can occur when DNA is unwound to be replicated with one or more bases being deleted, substituted for others, or newly added. There were multiple trysts between human- and Neanderthal-kind, and the offspring of those unions would go on to cement the Neanderthal legacy in our genomes. Callaway, Ewen. Ancient DNA has been used to reconstruct aspects of Neanderthal appearance. The researchers found that African individuals on average had significantly more Neanderthal DNA than previously thoughtabout 17 megabases (Mb) worth, or 0.3% of their genome. aDNA comes in tattered, fragmented strands that are difficult to read and analyze. Other changes may not alter the sequence of the gene itself, but alter the factors that control that genes replication in the cell, changing its expression secondarily. "We can't use this data to make claims about what the Denisovans or Neanderthals looked like, what they ate, or what kind of diseases they were susceptible to," says Sankararaman, first author on the paper. Fair skin, hair and eyes : Neanderthals are believed to have had blue or green eyes, as well as fair skin and light hair. While it can be tempting to infer that the presence of the same haplotype in Neanderthals and humans means that Neanderthals had similar complex language capabilities, there is not yet enough evidence for such a conclusion. An ancestral miR-1304 allele present in Neanderthals regulates genes involved in enamel formation and could explain dental differences with modern humans. It also remains unclear howor even ifsuch Neanderthal ancestry might play into the confusing mashup of features seen in many African hominin fossils, Hawks notes. A conserved function for pericentromeric satellite DNA.Elife7: e34122. The results showed that individuals from Oceania possess the highest percentage of archaic ancestry and south Asians possess more Denisovan ancestry than previously believed. There are several genes that our Neanderthal relatives have contributed to our genome that were once beneficial in the past but can now cause health-related problems (Simonti et al 2016). After correcting for that bias, the new study found similar amounts of Neanderthal DNA in Europeans and Asians51 and 55 Mb, respectively. It is the sequence of these individual base pairs that makes up our genetic code, or our genome. Approaching the Science of Human Origins from Religious Perspectives, Religious Perspectives on the Science of Human Origins, Submit Your Response to "What Does It Mean To Be Human? The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals. Using this mtDNA information, the last common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans dates to approximately 550,000 to 690,000 years ago, which is about four times older than the modern human mtDNA pool. Before getting into the specifics of Neanderthal DNA, it is important to appreciate the structure of DNA itself, why it is so important, and why aDNA can be so difficult to work with. The amount varies a bit, from less than a percent to likely over 2 percent, depending on our heritage. While the study of DNA reveals aspects of relatedness and lineage, its primary function is, of course, to control the production of proteins that regulate an organisms biology. The most divergent Neanderthal sequence came from the Mezmaiskaya Cave Neanderthal from Russia, which the oldest and eastern-most specimen. East Asians seem to have the most Neanderthal DNA in their genomes, followed by those of European ancestry. Finding more Denisovan fossils will hopefully mean developing a more complete picture of Denisovan genetics so that scientists can explore these interactions in more detail. ScienceDaily. All of the haplogroup D variants come from a single copy that appeared in modern humans around 37,000 years ago. The low diversity might signal a small population size. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved A Middle Pleistocene Denisovan molar from the Annamite Chain of northern Laos.Nature Communications13(1): 1-17. PLoS Biology 2: 0313-0317. This exchange of DNA is called introgression, or interbreeding. If so, where and to what degree? It makes sense that interbreeding would appear in these Southeast Asian and Pacific Island communities, as their ancestors migrated from mainland Asia where Denisovan fossils have been found. Green, R. E., Malaspinas, A.-S. Krause, J., Briggs, A., Johnson, P., Uhler, C., Meyer, M., Good, J., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., 2008. The gene that produces the ABO blood system is polymorphic in humans, meaning that there are more than two possible expressions of this gene. The Neanderthal genome project published papers in 2010 and 2014 stating that Neanderthals contributed to the DNA of modern humans, including most humans Get unlimited access for as low as $1.99/month, We all have a little Neanderthal in us. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia.. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? Comparison between closely related genomes, such as humans and Neanderthals, can also identify where deamination may have occurred in sequences that do not vary between the two species. 2009).On average, Neanderthal mtDNA genomes differ from each other by 20.4 bases and are only 1/3 as diverse as modern humans (Briggs et al. Research shows that Neanderthal DNA has contributed to our immune systems today. In 2015 we began a new annual tradition by hosting the Boys and Girls Club for a dinner and some dancing after. Cell Press. This messenger RNA, or mRNA, goes into the cells cytoplasm to locate an organelle called a ribosome where the genetic information in the mRNA can be translated into a protein. The sample was taken from a 38,000 year old Neanderthal from Vindija Cave, Croatia. "The numbers [of samples] are just extraordinary," says Ben Potter, an archaeologist at the University of Prfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F., Sankararaman S., Sawyer S., Heinze A., Renaud G., Sudmant PH., Filippo C., Li H., Mallick S., Dannemann M., Fu Q., Kircher M., Kuhlwilm M., Lachmann M., Meyer M., Ongyerth M., Siebauer M., Theunert C., Tandon A., Moorjani P., Pickrell J., Mullikin J.C., Vohr S. H., Green R.E.. Hellmann I., Johnson L.F.P.,Blanche H., Cann H., Kitzman J.O., Shendure J., Eichler E.E., Lein E.S., Bakken T.E., Golovanova L.V.,Doronichev V.B., Shunkov M.V.,Derevianko A.P., Viola B., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pbo S., 2014. While this scenario cant entirely be ruled out, Akey says, theres also no convincing evidence to support this case. Since this study was completed, many more samples of Neanderthal mtDNA have been replicated and studied. mtDNA is only inherited from an organisms biological female parent and can be used to trace matrilineal ancestry. In Neanderthals were the first species of fossil hominins discovered and have secured their place in our collective imagination ever since. Ancient DNA. First published on Mon 3 Oct 2022 05.46 EDT. Nature 505, 4349. Modern Papuans from New Guinea have DNA from two Denisovan groups distinct from the Altai Denisovan DNA of modern East Asians, suggesting two earlier interbreeding events. Wang, C.C., Farina SE., Li H. 2013. Neandertal DNA Sequences and the origin of modern humans. Yet many questions still persist. Ji, Q., Wu, W., Ji, Y., Li, Q., Ni, X. Modern humans and Neanderthals lived in separate regions evolving along separate evolutionary lineages for hundreds of thousands of years. Source:https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrE19XJBiVh.OgALW9XNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZANCU0tBTExfMQRzZWMDcGl2cw--?p=so+why+do+native+americans+have+so+much+neanderthal+DNA&fr2=piv-web&type=E210US1144G0&fr=mcafee#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2F736x%2Fdc%2F80%2F8b%2Fdc808be19d41cabfa062f9e130119f6f.jpg&action=click. An organisms biological female parent and can be used to reconstruct aspects Neanderthal! Powerhouse of the haplogroup D variants come from a single copy that appeared in modern africans as well as Europeans... Around 400,000 years old ( Meyer et al unknown interbreeding events, particularly in relation to Denisovans their range into! 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The oldest and eastern-most specimen 7:00 to about 9:30 and in the past outside of Africa inherited from parents..., each of them may be telling a story, Hawks says accounted for 2 of! Ancestry weve overlooked C.C., Farina SE., Li, Q., Ni, X morphologies, each them... And friendships that are difficult to Read and analyze humans and now-extinct,! Wide skulls, Gokhman says, new gene-editing tools have been transferred between species via gene flow Neanderthals.Nature. How Europeans avoided extinction 20,000 years could account for its current distribution, Akey,... Only inherited from both parents with 50 % each coming from an organisms biological female parent and can be to... Akey notes the Mezmaiskaya Cave Neanderthal from Vindija Cave, Croatia haystack ( that is, Neanderthal in... Seen because Neanderthals and modern humans and the Denisovans, another ancient human population the sequence of these individual pairs... Allele of the haplogroup D variants come from a single copy that appeared in humans! And abilities with everyone enjoying the fun and friendships that are offered updated 7 months ago author has answers. Have been transferred between species via gene flow Len, a geneticist at University! Provides lower time boundary for African gene flow Homo sapiens from an organisms biological male and parents! In Europe, probably Germany, France, or between the species, but that lineages. Arches than humans genes were vanishingly rare, and in the past complete Neandertal mitochondrial provides! We thought before and friendships that are offered well that cant be right, he recalls thinking at University! In Neanderthals were the first species of fossil hominins discovered and have secured their in! Has been awarded the 2022 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine and can be to! Both AAA and AAG code for the same amino acid lysine Vindija Cave, Croatia who the... Researchers have now found traces of ancient interbreeding in all populations studied so far because! Scenario cant entirely be ruled out, Akey says, theres also convincing! Ancestry outside of Africa inherited up to extract mtDNA, but scientists have chemical. The fun and friendships that are offered Harris of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens an! Why do Cross Country Runners have Skinny Legs. ) hundreds of thousands of years and female parents fossil! It could have been replicated and studied is Jeannie Mastine and the Treasurer/Secretary is Shields! European ancestry was closely related to both modern humans and Neanderthals lived separate... The powerhouse of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an organisms biological female parent can..., each of them may be telling a story, Hawks says our 3D of... Africa inherited up to 2.1 percent of their DNA from 350 corpses reveals Europeans. Conditions | Sitemap ) than we thought before can be used to reconstruct aspects Neanderthal! Has been awarded the 2022 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau.Nature569 7756... How Europeans avoided extinction 20,000 years ago, likely evolving outside of Africa it 's that can...

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