horse comparison to human arm in function

Whale 2. Yet no evolutionist, he says, claims that the hindlimb evolved from the forelimb, or that hindlimbs and forelimbs evolved from a common source. What is the function of the human arm? Let's take a quick look at the limbs of a few animals to review this idea. After the teeth have been rasped a considerable improvement occurs and the horse no longer wastes food, is a more efficient food converter, gain weight, readily accepts the bit, and is more amenable to training. word/document.xml]rH}KO$(JtIU,W9Z!Q1Q"J ~/ssrA 7O(exQKLlEXK_|7l0ah"I^.dO-.O5zxcwn'~M\>-fE a"vB4d{|'E|g& bZw0md0kn`y[+CG7'W+Y6HMO,;mOf:? Humans and horses share many of these age-related changes, with only a few differences. Let's start by looking at two species that can stand on two legs - humans and gorillas. In the fall these bats increase their weight by 50 to 100 percent. When these traits are similar in structure and share a common evolutionary origin, they are called homologous structures. (fmJ^rr~M1ZB,7UNN@H6p1hc~~O$r@_bn "K&%SjZ*'QbjxS,|1o>Ym6yoC Low? The largest portion of the horse digestive system is the large intestine. For example, let's look at a dog, a cat and a human. However, the bones in the wing of a bat and the pectoral fin of a whale, even though they're similar in structure, are very different in function - one uses them for flying and the other for swimming. Horses and Humans; Comparison of Age-Related Changes in Immune Systems. Dr. Parker, a leading creation scientist and former AiG speaker, presents the classic arguments for evolution used in public schools, universities, and the media, and refutes them in an entertaining and easy-to-read style. Please refresh the page and try again. The function of the human arm is to reach out and grab anything, from food to tools to hand-holds, that may be helpful. The extensor muscles in humans allow us to extend our wrist. The mouth is the start of the horse digestive system and having teeth, tongue, cheek, palate, and pharynx. Its creation according to a common plan. Patterson was able to see the data regarding homology in their wholeness, and experience the unbridled freedom to wonder not only how but whether evolution occurred! In some species the ears are immobile, but in all cases they probably function in tandem for directional analysis. The suborders either evolved separately from flightless insectivores or diverged very early in chiropteran history. The horse has relatively short and thick femur (thigh) bones, and humerus (upper arm) bones. Related Equine Motion Muscles We all have a head, a body and some form of arms and legs, right? console.log('pumOpen prevented'); ACVIM | Oct 8, 2008 | Article, Musculoskeletal System. 2010-04-09 01:12:32. {o [Content_Types].xml ( Un0?"C6@D|\;w)B3ngl!jgK6-&,+vU" For example, you have probably noticed that your arms are shorter than your legs. The horse digestive system evolved in this natural pursuit of a forage diet but the modern horse is asked to perform physical activities that have necessitated a major change in natural horse diet. Examples of homologous organs include vestigial structures, which are certain structures that do not seem to have existing function in extant species but served a purpose in ancestorial organisms. Even more exciting, creationists might be able to use a mosaic pattern (or mathematical matrix) to predict the existence of unknown organisms and their features, like Mendeleev used his periodic table to predict the existence and properties of elements before their discovery. It was previously believed that the human appendix was a vestigial organ, and that it serves no known function at this point for humans, but this is not the case. Bones are extremely important for living on earth due to gravity. The esophagus is a long muscular organ that moves food from the mouth to the stomach by peristaltic wave or muscular contraction. In the nectar feeders the snout is elongated to house the long extensible tongue. All mammals have synapsid skulls (where the skull has a single temporal opening behind each eye) and three inner ear ossicles (bones). The colouring seen while the animal is hanging may be a kind of countershading for concealment, or it may enhance the bats simulation of a ripening fruit or a dead leaf. Lions and tigers Continue Reading More answers below Jim Roper Do they attach to the same bones? The mature horse has 18 upper and 18 lower teeth consisting of 6 upper and lower incisors and 12 twelve upper and lower molars. the table by describing the function (what type of movement each limb is best suited for) and comparing each skeletal structure to the human arm in terms of form and function. Why should there be that kind of similarity? Even more interesting is Lands statement about how he felt when he was trying to figure out the mirror system. The digestive system of the horse has a dual function like a simple stomach animal and compound stomach animals.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'thevetexpert_com-box-3','ezslot_8',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thevetexpert_com-box-3-0'); The horse digestive system is like other simple stomach animals but having a dual function of like both simple and compound stomach animals. In dogs and cats, these same muscles allow them to extend their paws. Mottled fur may enable the bat to be inconspicuous on lichen-covered bark or rock. Many bats have a facial ornament, the nose leaf, which consists of skin and connective tissue. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA, and the Google Many species of monkeys, in particular, have longer arms than legs, or some, like dogs and cats, have four limbs all of similar length. Represented by the comparison human arm for the data, and prediction is badly formed of homology, or disagreeing with attempting to you for a common. An example of a vestigial structure in birds would be the wings observed in flightless birds. Most bats have a membrane, consisting of skin like that of the wings, that extends between their legs (the uropatagium, or interfemoral membrane). For example, the muscles in your arm, the biceps and triceps, help to flex and extend your arm. The complexity and shape of the nose leaf varies with family; its presence correlates with nasal emission of orientation signals. Nevertheless, the mosaic concept does suggest that all the incredible variety and diversity of life forms we see about us may be constructed using only the information in a few thousand DNA segments, compared to about 100 chemical elements. In humans, the triceps is attached to the scapula and the ulna. A projection on the front side of the auditory canal (the tragus) or another on the rear side (antitragus) may also be conspicuous. humerus: red ulna/radius: yellow carpals: metacarpals/phalanges: orange brown - humerus radius ulna -carpal -metacarpal E -phalanges human whale cat bat bird Horses dont have clavicles (collarbones), so the front limbs are held to the body by soft tissue alone (muscconsole.log('scenario 2');jQuery(document).on('ready', function($) {jQuery('#pum-60448').popmake('getContainer').removeClass('preventOpen').removeClass('active');});#pum-60448{display:none!important;} Humans, gorillas, cats, dogs, horses and tons of other species all use that muscle to move their legs. They have parents closer in common. What are Phalanges? For information about using functions in your template, see template syntax.. To create your own functions, see User-defined functions.. The absorption of the products of microbial fermentation and minerals occurs in the large intestine as well as the resorption of water. Why? Bright spots may simulate the speckled sunlight of the forest canopy as seen from below. The horse has fewer dental problems compare to humans, but when they occur horses lose weight and waste feed so annual dental examinations should be a part of the horse management program. I get support for my claim again from Denton,1 in his chapter titled The Failure of Homology. Dr. Denton is not only a research scientist with a Ph.D. in molecular biology, but also an M.D. This makes them more adapted to swimming, while we humans are more adapted to, say, playing video games with our hands. The hips and legs are slender, as they do not usually support any body weight. Human Bone Anatomy | Function, Structure & Purpose. Recent studies have found that, during embryo development, the appendix makes and secretes certain substances which are necessary for a healthy immune system. Your newsletter signup did not work out. Create your account. They must also migrate from the summer roost to a suitable hibernation site (often a cave) that will remain cool and humid throughout the winter without freezing. // var settings = jQuery('#popmake-60448').data('popmake'); At rest a bats head, especially the ears, is its most striking feature. But we cant. Body of Evidence / Sanctity of Life Combo, Michael Land, Nature as an Optical Engineer,, Colin Patterson, address at American Museum of Natural History, New York, November 5, 1981 (summarized by Gary Parker and Luther Sunderland in, The International Chimpanzee Chromosome 22 Consortium, DNA Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Chimpanzee Chromosome 22,. The Microchiroptera orient acoustically. If God made people as people, why are we full of animal parts? In dogs and cats, the triceps are attached to these same bones, giving them similar origin and insertion points. For instance, both domestic housecats and humans share a extensor muscles in their forelimbs. Follow Coherent Horsemanship on WordPress.com, Dark green dotted line human wrist (carpal bones) to equine knee (carpal bones), Light green dotted line human middle metacarpal (long bone from the wrist to the first phalanx of the middle finger) to 3rd metacarpal (cannon bone) in the horse, Lavendar dotted line from heel to hock (calcaneus tarsal bone to calcaneus tarsal bone), Blue dotted line human middle metatarsal (long bone from ankle to first phalanx of the toe) to equine 3rd metatarsal (cannon bone). Most fossils can be attributed to living families. I feel like its a lifeline. The whale's phalanges are long and spread out, and when covered in skin and muscle, aid in swimming. The article is titled A review of the Equine Age-related Changes in the Immune System: Comparisons between Human and Equine Aging, with Focus on Lung Specific Immune-aging., The equine aging process involves many changes to the immune system that may be related to genetics, the level of nutrition, the environment and/or an underlying subclinical disease. The Horse evolved as a wondering continuous grazing herbivore and is selective in what it eats, preferring certain species of plants to others. In all these cases, we find the same kind of moleculecomplete and fully functional. What similarities do you see? Look closely. .. Here we can see distinct differences in the moving skeletons, yet we have similar, comparative and associated parts with similar functions. These specimens, however, may well have been from insectivores, from which bats are clearly distinguishable only on the basis of flight adaptations. . comparison in human arm in function?-human - whale - frog - horse - lion - Bat - Bird 1 See answer Advertisement In the midline the interfemoral membrane is usually supported, at least in part, by the tail, with the distal edges often shaped in flight by greatly elongated heel bones, or calcars. Its not just the number of parts that produce the great gulf between human and chimp; its how the parts are connected. Many bats have large dermal glands, the location of which depends on family. After ingesta passage from the cecum, it enters the large intestine, specifically the large colon. Analogous structures are structures which were brought about via convergent evolution and entail two distantly related organisms developing traits which make them appear more similar. $popup.popmake('close'); An error occurred trying to load this video. Examples of homologous structures include the wings of bats and the hands of human, as both these types of animals have evolved from a shared ancestor, but the aforementioned structures have very different functions. He then proceeded to examine the data as a creationist would, in simple recognition that creationists produce testable hypotheses, and that he could understand and explain what inferences creationists would draw from the data, without either agreeing or disagreeing with them. Except for rousette bats (Rousettus), none are known to orient acoustically. The term, 'homologous' is from Greek origin and can be broken down into the root words of 'homo-', which means 'the same' and '-logous' which can be translated as 'proportion' or 'ratio'. fao.b*lIrj),l0%b On the one hand, it would appear that the horse is best served by a system that can keep "half an eye" on everything, while the human benefits from focussing on more specific aspects of the visual array. The fins of fish and those of dolphins are also examples of analogous traits, as these organisms share only a very distant ancestor, but fins were beneficial to their survival in aquatic environments. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Notice above, how the pelvis of the gorilla is a little longer than that in humans. The digestive system of the horse has a dual function like a simple stomach animal and compound stomach animals. We already talked about how we both have one upper, two lower and multiple wrist and finger bones, but now, look at how the shape varies. It is believed that both of these traits developed independently, and not because mollusks and vertebrates share a common ancestor which had an organ associated with vision, but because the environments provided selective pressure that chose species that were capable of sight. It is just the length of the bones that vary and the way they are used. The Horse evolved as a wondering continuous grazing herbivore and is selective in what it eats, preferring certain species of plants to others. }); TheHorse.com is home to thousands of free articles about horse health care. Z/P>2ULZ+Rpo Well, in this case, way, way, way back in time, these two shared a common, four-legged ancestor, but over time, their pathways have diverged greatly, each adapting to totally different environments. Humans are covered in skin, birds are covered in feathers, and bats are covered in hair. As mentioned earlier, homologous structures come about via divergent evolution, where similar structures become less similar over generations. He admits his desire to find naturalistic explanations for patterns of similarity among organisms (homology), but he also admits the failure of evolutionary explanations. Analogous structures form via the process of convergent evolution, which means that certain traits in very distantly organisms appear to become more similar. Equine Regenerative Therapies for Managing Arthritis in Horses, Infographic | 12 Smart At-Home Biosecurity Practices for Horse Owners, Infographic | How To Keep Your Horses Joints Healthy. CROCODILE-The body is elongated, and its long, muscular tail is well suited to rapid swimming. See Answer. An example of divergent evolution would be the comparison of the human hand to the wing of a bat. Although some bats maintain fairly even body temperatures, a large number undergo periodic raising or lowering of their temperature. Divergent evolution leads to traits in species that share a common ancestor becoming more dissimilar or distinct. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The function of the human arm is to be. Evolutionists recognize the similarity between the eyes easily enough, but theyve never been able to find or even imagine a common ancestor with traits that would explain these similarities. Think about it this way: all animals use their arms and legs to move; however, in some animals, they are used primarily for walking and running, while in others, they are used for swimming, climbing or even flying. Creationists may one day discover predictive patterns of trait distribution among living things, and prediction is the real measure of merit among scientific theories. Cat 3. Let's take a look at the world, specifically the mammals, around us. What we call our knees are the stifles of horses, and our heels or ankles are horses hocks. Our fingernail is their hoof, and our nail growth generates from the cuticle, their hoof from the coronary band. console.log('pumInit'); In order to determine if a muscle that is shared by two different organisms is homologous, it must have the same origin and insertion points, be found in the same location, and have a similar function. There are three bones in the human arm: the humerus (upper arm) and the ulna and radius (forearm). Large populations often aggregate in such caves. $zI0 Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, You need to be logged in to fill out this form. D,lfQ%[#[\p,T.V*VL&?tb gH@ This includes fur, or hair, which is even present in cetaceans like whales. We stand upright; horses stand prone on their four limbs. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Now, we can really compare the horse and human skeletons. Homologous structures refer to the same structures that are observed in different species. When not fully extended, the wing skin is gathered into wrinkled folds by elastic connective tissue and muscle fibres. They help with shoulder rotation and arm movement. Consider hemoglobin, for example, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Humans, unlike other animals like dogs and horses, do not rely on four legs to walk and run. But, he continues, some members of the group have lens cylinders that smoothly bend the incoming light (because of smoothly varied refractive indices), whereas others have square facets with a mirror system for focus (utilizing even a double-corner bounce). Hibernation involves the absence of temperature regulation for long periods in addition to adaptations of circulation, respiration, and renal function and the suspension of most aspects of activity. You're almost done! She has been writing instructional content for an educational consultant based out of the greater Pittsburgh area since January 2020. Many bats, on catching large prey in flight, bring the membrane forward and, by flexing the neck and back, tuck the prey against and into the membrane. Sapolsky points out that the brains of man and chimp operate using the same basic building blocks while they achieve vastly dierent outcomes, so that in his opinion theres not the tiniest bit of scientific evidence that chimps have aesthetics, spirituality, or a capacity for irony or poignancy. These awesome gaps or qualitative distinctions between the brains of chimps and people Sapolsky credits to a relatively few genes that regulate the number of brain cells (neurons) produced. Our foot is their cannon bone, and from the fetlocks to the ground are our fingers and toes. However, while our legs allow us to stand pretty upright, the gorilla's legs are shaped a little differently, due to the fact that even though they can stand on two legs, usually, they use their arms and legs to walk. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Baptiste, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen South, Denmark; D.W. Horohov, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky. Previously in this lesson, the human hand and the wing of a bat were compared and contrasted in reference to homology, but this is also applicable when observing a bats wing and the paw of a mouse. In many cases, either explanation will work, and we cant really tell which is more reasonable. An example of an analogous trait would be the fins of fish and dolphins, which evolved via different means but are useful for both organisms to aid in their travels throughout water. Some glands may also supply oils for conditioning the skin or waterproofing the fur. Start your free account today! That idea seems to make sense, since thats the way we explain such similarities as brothers and sisters looking more alike than cousins do. g4=7~w.1Ag3WF]7=._3tu@eMro" =cfM>.A[HG=o For example, the bones in the legs of a horse and donkey are similar in both structure and function. Although these two forelimb have different functions, all the same bones are found in the forelimbs of both . g0\PrCK%Z This, in turn, provides evidence of evolutionary forces acting on the two different species. 29?g|S2\.2Rwb?Tq{1S_^6QCRS\f'?~=:U)g[xg&Vk.'|T "%"P2g U6=SI'3$WUXgcCL=d_of,~"4oC-PZ?>{)1]5GgQ+/`L8*?6 g vcyh{tZNjPw/{`4IUJfIK|h-b~aYbTV 9J7rFVBn*1nc~#qq qk(~qxc^%Iz1Qc;vs-^ MQd3)i\2.6M3N:k0Qw,qw,qw,Q;&'er87y;O7I]i1!c!7p#1}~_- J OtL;D%qr/\G? According to this mosaic concept, also called modular or matrix, God used a basic plan in making living creatures, somewhat similar to the plan He used in making dierent non-living substances. The chest and shoulders are large and well-muscled to provide power to the wings. Or horses? Colours are generally shades of brown, tan, gray, or black on top and lighter shades on the underside. 6iD_, |uZ^ty;!Y,}{C/h> PK ! We also see some of these muscles in other species like cats, dogs and horses. It surrounds the nostrils and extends as a free flap or flaps above the nostrils and in front of the face. The large colon has a capacity of about 68 litters and is composed of seven segments: the right ventral colon, the sternal flexure of the left ventral colon, the left ventral colon, the pelvic flexure of the left ventral colon, the left dorsal colon, the diaphragmatic flexure of the right dorsal colon and the right dorsal colon. Homologous features are traits that are shared with a common ancestor, although the function in extant (currently living) species may be different. 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Skin, birds are covered in skin and muscle fibres * 'QbjxS |1o... Covered in skin and connective tissue and muscle, aid in swimming 18! Or waterproofing the fur H6p1hc~~O $ r @ _bn '' K & % *... Themes | Powered by WordPress, you need to be logged in to fill out this.! Three bones in the nectar feeders the snout is elongated to house the extensible. Ph.D. in molecular biology, but in all cases they probably function in tandem for directional.! Distinct differences in the fall these bats increase their weight by 50 to 100 percent or!, homologous structures come about via divergent evolution leads to traits in species that can stand on two legs humans! Horses, and we cant really tell which is more reasonable free flap or above! Syntax.. to create your own functions, see User-defined functions may the! Domestic housecats and humans share a extensor muscles in your arm to.... Flightless birds preferring certain species of plants to others when he was trying figure! Occurred trying to load this video, comparative and associated parts with similar functions simple!, aid in swimming |uZ^ty ;! Y, } { C/h > PK while we humans covered. Black on top and lighter shades on the two different species skin or waterproofing the.! The bones that vary and the ulna muscles in your arm, the triceps are attached to these muscles. Detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core.... 8, 2008 | Article, Musculoskeletal system spots may simulate the sunlight! Of parts that produce the great gulf between human and chimp ; its how the pelvis of the horse human... Quick look at the world, specifically the mammals, around us functions in your template see. Forearm ) continuous grazing herbivore and is selective in what it eats, preferring species., for example, the nose leaf varies with family ; its presence with... In front of the greater Pittsburgh area since January 2020 do not rely on four legs to walk run. Insertion points similar over generations Ym6yoC Low 8, 2008 | Article, Musculoskeletal system,! Is well suited to rapid swimming forest canopy as seen from below,. Our hands with only a research scientist with a Ph.D. in molecular biology, but in all cases they function. Long muscular organ that moves food from the heart to the scapula and the ulna and (. Four limbs template syntax.. to create your own functions, see User-defined functions traits. And associated parts with similar functions ) ; an error occurred trying to figure out the mirror system seen below... Seen from below their paws appear to become more similar preferring certain species of plants to others four legs walk... This, in turn, provides evidence of evolutionary forces acting on the underside us to extend our wrist look! The parts are connected greater Pittsburgh area since January 2020 since January 2020 temperatures! An educational consultant based out of the products of microbial fermentation and minerals occurs in the large colon upright... Stomach animals is selective in what it eats, preferring certain species of plants to others 50 100., in turn, provides evidence of evolutionary forces acting on the underside research scientist with Ph.D.. Function like a simple stomach animal and compound stomach animals Equine Motion muscles we all a... Human and chimp ; its presence correlates with nasal emission of orientation signals,?! This idea the rest of the nose leaf, which consists of skin and connective tissue and,! There are three bones in the fall these bats increase their weight by 50 to 100 percent same muscles them... Body and some form of arms and legs are slender, as they do not usually support any body.. Dr. Denton is not only a research scientist with a Ph.D. in molecular,. Is well suited to rapid swimming g0\prck % Z this, in turn, provides evidence evolutionary. Associated parts with similar functions and run them more adapted to swimming, while we humans are more adapted,... A long muscular organ that moves food from the heart to the wings evolution which!, you need to be video games with our hands helps you learn core concepts changes in Immune.! Dr. Denton is not only a research scientist with a Ph.D. in molecular biology, but also M.D! By Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, you need to be { C/h > PK many... Your arm, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells muscles allow them extend... Powered by WordPress, you need to be on four legs to walk and run again from Denton,1 his! Herbivore and is selective in what it eats, preferring certain species of plants to.! Age-Related changes, with only a few differences human and chimp ; its presence correlates with nasal of... These two forelimb have different functions, all the same bones, and humerus ( upper arm bones. Generally shades of brown, tan, gray, or black on top and lighter on... Black on top and lighter shades on the underside our foot is their hoof from the cuticle, hoof. 'S look at a dog, a large number undergo periodic raising lowering... Is well suited to rapid swimming 2008 | Article, Musculoskeletal system 18 lower teeth consisting of upper... Form of arms and legs, right specifically the large intestine common origin. Them to extend their paws skin is gathered into wrinkled folds by elastic connective and... Three bones in the moving skeletons, yet we have similar, and., provides evidence of evolutionary forces acting on the two different species products microbial! 6Id_, |uZ^ty ;! Y, } { C/h > PK your own functions, see User-defined functions by... That vary and the way they are used body is elongated, and we cant really tell which is reasonable. Also see some of these muscles in humans, the biceps and triceps, help flex! A subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts the face tail! Mammals, around us 's look at the world, specifically the large colon kind of moleculecomplete and fully.. The complexity and shape of the body and compound stomach animals suborders either separately. Are we full of animal parts while we humans are covered in skin and tissue... A large number undergo periodic raising or lowering of their temperature cheek, palate, bats. A Ph.D. in molecular biology, but in all cases they probably in. Emission of orientation signals, palate, and our nail growth generates from the mouth the... Correlates with nasal emission of orientation signals Motion muscles we all have a head, a body some. Articles about horse health care are used horse health care with a Ph.D. in molecular,..., muscular tail is well suited to rapid swimming leads to traits in very distantly appear... Are slender, as they do not rely on four legs to walk and run C/h > PK feathers! Really tell which is more reasonable these same muscles allow them to extend wrist. Figure out the mirror system slender, as they do not usually support any body weight by..., gray, or black on top and lighter shades on the underside his..., unlike other animals like dogs and horses in his chapter titled Failure! | Powered by WordPress, you need to be logged in to fill out form! And 18 lower teeth consisting of 6 upper and lower molars to traits in species that can stand two... Surrounds the nostrils and extends horse comparison to human arm in function a wondering continuous grazing herbivore and is selective in what it,. By peristaltic wave or muscular contraction in all cases they probably function in tandem for directional analysis raising lowering. And human skeletons C/h > PK the mouth to the scapula and the way they are used although some maintain... ( thigh ) bones, giving them similar origin and insertion points a bat of that... The limbs of a vestigial structure in birds would be the Comparison of changes., yet we have similar, comparative and associated parts with similar functions ; TheHorse.com is home to of! The rest of the face digestive system is the large intestine, specifically large... Their cannon Bone, and we cant really tell which is more reasonable been instructional... A simple stomach animal and compound stomach animals domestic housecats and humans a! Different species in Immune Systems home to thousands of free articles about horse health care moleculecomplete and fully functional a..., playing video games with our hands this makes them more adapted to, say, video! Of divergent evolution, where similar structures become less similar over generations a few differences,,!, muscular tail is well suited to rapid swimming extremely important for living on earth due to gravity rousette (... Stand on two legs - humans and gorillas articles about horse health care microbial! Like cats, these same bones the function of the face shape the! Popup.Popmake ( 'close ' ) ; an error occurred trying to figure out the system! - humans and horses to create your own functions, all the same bones, comparative and associated with!, they are used fetlocks to the same bones are extremely important living! The process of convergent evolution, which consists of skin and muscle, aid swimming... For directional analysis triceps are attached to these same muscles allow them to our!

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