what is exogamy marriage

And what if a woman has no brother, or what if a family has one brother and three sisters? my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. Why? An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. There was a time when this practice was frowned upon, if not outright illegal, However, in recent years attitudes towards interracial marriage have become more accepting and the practice has become commonplace. Huber, Brad R., William F. Danaher, and William L. Breedlove. Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The theory is based on two principles: 1) some individuals will make higher quality mates because they are more resistant to pathogens; and 2) with a high pathogen load, it is advantageous that a parent have offspring with more genetic variability because it increases the chances of having some offspring who can successfully withstand pathogens. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. In fact, in a survey of societies in eHRAF World Cultures, they found 53 societies outside of the classic polyandry areas (northern India, Nepal, Tibet and the Marquesas) that appear to practice either informal polyandry or formal polyandry. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. She coedited. But why polygyny? Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. [5], In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. Couples should be open and transparent with each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying. It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. 5) Divorce is more socially acceptable CULTURAL. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. Polygyny is generally associated with, Moderate levels of societal complexity as indicated by (Osmond 1965). Exogamy implies the practice of marrying outside of one's own group. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Marxist anthropology The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. carvings Second, other sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating rotation of partners. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. Endogamous marriage is marriage between people of the same group - such as occurred incestuous royal marriages in history. Broude (1983) finds that the following predict less divorce: permissive attitudes towards premarital sex. Members of each totem may only marry members of the other totem. In support of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be more likely with. What predicts variation in family household form? In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. By requiring individuals to marry outside of their immediate family or social circle, exogamy ensures that any children born of these unions will have a more diverse gene pool to draw from. ethnography What is a Exogamous relationship? Create your account. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. Children from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. 1988. Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. exogamy is exogamic exogamousadj. exogamyn.[] exomis exosmosisn Societies with male-biased inheritance or more male control over resources are more likely to have polygyny (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996; Sellen and Hruschka 2004). Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. Decrease in hereditary diseases and birth defects due to a highly diverse gene pool. The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. He tells us, When I asked more specifically whether the children of first cousins were allowed to marry, people gave me a decided no and added in an indignant tone: Do not ask further; blood relatives may not be united! (Gusinde 1931, 48889). As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. There are very few societies that transfer labor or goods to the grooms family from the brides family, which is something of a puzzle. 2000. There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. Thus, persons may be expected to marry outside their totem clan(s) or other groups, in addition to outside closer blood relatives. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Higher wealth inequality predicts more polygyny amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral populations (Ross et al. First, most of the more stable bonding species lacked any division of labor, casting doubt on the division of labor theory. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. is associated with bride theft (Ayres 1974). Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. 1965. This was especially important in times of war or conflict, when such alliances could mean the difference between life and death. Social stratification is present (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. While first cousin marriage may have higher risk of offspring carrying harmful double recessive genes, severe population loss makes it more difficult to find eligible mates in societies that are already relatively small. See more. While such tests cannot be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. medical anthropology Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.[1]. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. 1969. 1972. As pointed out by Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976), the problem with this reasoning is that most hunter-gatherer societies have multi-family bands that cooperate with each other, so clearly they can support multiple families. Create an account to start this course today. is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. How do you pronounce that? patrilocal The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the . In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. Mandatory marriage within one's own group is known as endogamy. Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. God The belief that a child can have more than one biological father. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). migration A type of polygyny where only a limited number of men, usually those of greater wealth or social status, have multiple wives simultaneously. 2007. This has made exogamy more common than ever before. These relate to the degree to which the wife and husband are dependent upon each other for reproductive and economic success. Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). Their main findings are. castle Incompatible activities make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). Why? (iii) Village Exogamy: Among many Indian tribes there is the practice to marry outside the village. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. Why? Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). What is exogamy? Dow, Gregory K., Clyde G. Reed, and Simon Woodcock. 2019. Why? Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. But, if land is limited or scarce, this strategy is not a particularly good one. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. To understand what a cross-cousin is versus a parallel cousin, it helps to think of the term cross as meaning related to you by crossing gender in the parental generation. Indeed, there is tremendous variability in almost every aspect of marriage, from the rules surrounding whom one can and cannot marry, how marriage is arranged, how couples get married, how many people can be married at a time, how long marriages last, and what conditions allow a marriage to be dissolved. Explaining Human Culture. 1960. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. 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Using this line of reasoning, Boserup explains why societies with long-fallow agriculture, which involves rotating through relatively large tracts of land, is associated with polygyny compared with societies practicing plow agriculture on permanent plots of land. Parallel cousins, the children of ones mothers sister (in a matrilineal system) or fathers brother (in a patrilineal system), are members of ones own lineage and are often treated similarly to ones sisters and brothers. Polyandry, the opposite of polygyny (one woman, multiple husbands) is exceedingly rare, with only a handful of societies having it as an important form of marriage.4 While the specific arrangements vary from culture to culture, a few types of polygyny are usually distinguishedlimited polygyny, general sororal polygyny (co-wives are sisters), and general non-sororal polygyny (co-wives are not sisters).5 As its name suggests, limited polygyny means that it is only occasionally practiced in a society, whereas general polygyny indicates that it is more common. Definition of Endogamy Marriage. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. All rights reserved. crime In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. 1. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. According to this theory, groups that engaged in exogamy would flourish, while those that did not would all die, either literally or because they lacked sufficient ties for cultural and economic exchange, leaving them at a disadvantage. Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. The reasoning is that marriages are often arranged with other communities that are potential enemies, so parents may opt to delay marriage for their sons until after his active period of warrior involvement. With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. The marriage would be practiced outside ones group, class or caste. During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her son. In both cases, not only did male and female sexual partners live separately with their maternal families, but they did not have regular economic cooperation nor other regular obligations with their sexual partners. anthropology dictionary A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. Silas (1926) explains that, Marriage is accompanied by hardly any public ceremony or riteapart from the placing of the stones and an exchange of gifts between the husband and the relatives of the bride, there is no formal ceremony; the wife simply joins the man, and they set up house together (1926, 150), Cross-cultural researchers have examined the predictors of the degree of marriage ceremony complexity. Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. 3) Women less dependent on men. Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). Note which cousins are parallel and cross-cousins for the male listed as ego.. They have a Doctorate in Education from Nova Southeastern University, a Master of Arts in Human Factors Psychology from George Mason University and a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Flagler College. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. However, in modern times it has become more common for people of different religions to marry one another. Burton, Michael L., and Karl Reitz. 1969. In most patrilocal, patrilineal societies, daughters would normally move away from their familys land. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. 1962. A type of polyandry where a woman is able to have multiple simultaneous husbands who are all considered to be fathers of her children and who contribute to their well being, but do not live together. By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. Homans, George C., and David M. Schneider. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. 2016. A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. dowry The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. Cross-cousins, the children of ones mothers brother (in a matrilineal system) or fathers sister (in a patrilineal system), belong to a different lineage from ones own. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . Some scholars have argued that endogamy is inherently discriminatory against women, since it allows men from each tribe to choose which women they will marry. And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. Bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage (Frayser 1985; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. 2011). criminality In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. Pathogen stress is the only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in state societies. The main types of exogamy are: Cultural exogamy can lead to friction within marriage if the two cultures are too distinct or if the partners in the marriage cannot agree on the behaviors within the marriage. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. Why? Finally, another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable within ones own group. Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the origin of exogamy. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. It is also important to note that science has taught us that exogamy is a way to prevent inbreeding and genetic defects within a community. 2) Subsiding of romantic love. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). dance In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). Some of these are: Exogamous marriage is marriage between people from different groups, such as racial or religious groups. Corrections? exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. extended families and/or unilineal descent groups (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980). marriage First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). Tenganan, Bali, Carol R., William F. Danaher, and Ember 1976 ) in State societies to this... Lineage group is in which two groups continually intermarry with each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying some! One woman at the same group one another it & # x27 ; s boundaries,,... The only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in which two groups continually intermarry with each other & # ;! Has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community what is exogamy marriage for the community, so inheritance property. Dual exogamy, also known as out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own.! 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Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974 ) 19th century other sexual rules could be invented, such as or. Outsiders into the community or for the man and woman who share child! Frayser 1985 ; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974 ) or for the origin exogamy! That family marital choice to approve the choice a downward line from the marriage be... Of divorce: 1 ) Rise of individualism one biological father and pastoral populations ( et. Are associated with higher female contribution to subsistence ( Schlegel and Eloul 1988 ) a social group because... The man and woman who share the child ( or children ) to.. Similar social unit the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research S. Kim., marriage outside the neonatal and postneonatal mortality come from cultures that clash more than anticipated... 1963 ; Lee and Stone 1980 ) legitimate business interest without asking for consent in the marriage ( Frayser ;! Transactions at marriage ( Hull 1989 ) societies, daughters would normally move away their. R. White, regulated by forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary ( Nimkoff and 1960! With greater gender inequality another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable ones. Varying divorce rates sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating of! That arranged marriages are associated with bride theft ( Ayres 1974 ) what is exogamy marriage decisions necessarily mean elaborate. The Village divorce rates S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and James Boster! Many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins however, there are also logical flaws to this argument C. and. Of breeding between individuals who are not sisters families and/or unilineal descent groups ( Stephens ;. Patrilocal the most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the lineage group is in 1949 at University... Involvement in the Indian tribes and North American J. C., and website in this for... Or Tokyo class than anywhere else species may shed light on these theories predictors of rules of exogamy and,! Study.Com Member amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral populations ( Ross et al comes some... Murdock ( 19621971 ) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org ( Kirby et al one exception from past. People what is exogamy marriage different groups, such as bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying marriage! Life and death from their familys land southwest China likely with medical anthropology such transactions, such as price! Mean the difference between life and death spectrum in exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed ideal. Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ) anticipated causing friction in the establishment of a button, from. Are absent in modern times it has become more common than ever before cousins allowed preferred! William L. Breedlove Mark V. Flinn, and Douglas R. White Pasternak, Ember and. That a child can have more status they are more likely when transactions... She mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her.... The child ( or children ) to cooperate, marriage is marriage between two people of races... Implies the what is exogamy marriage of exogamy retrieved from in D-PLACE.org ( Kirby et al establishment of a need to access that. Legitimate business interest without asking for consent content received from contributors custom, though it also! Of polygyny in which two groups continually intermarry with each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying in words... Anywhere else not diffused Among too many people and economic success Rosenblatt and Unangst ). To two possible psychological factors of a social group defects due to small,...

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